Learning outcomes are specific statements that describe what students should know, understand, and be able to do after completing a course or program of study. In research, learning outcomes are used to define the skills and knowledge that students are expected to acquire as a result of their research experience. These learning outcomes typically include developing critical thinking skills, conducting independent research, analyzing and interpreting data, communicating research findings effectively, and mastering the scientific method. By clearly defining learning outcomes, researchers can assess the success of their research program and ensure that students are meeting the necessary academic standards.